Basics of Python
Description of the page content
Conversion of old BASIC programs to Python in order to learn the basics of this language.
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3D Plot
# 3D Plot
# Original version in BASIC:
# Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), ca. 1980.
# This version in Python:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
# Written on 2024-10-29.
# Last modified: 20241029T1607+0100.
import math
import os
WIDTH = 56
def clear():
if os.name == 'nt':
_ = os.system('cls')
else:
# on mac and linux, `os.name` is 'posix'
_ = os.system('clear')
def print_credits():
clear()
print("3D Plot\n")
print("Original version in BASIC:")
print(" Creative computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), ca. 1980.\n")
print("This version in Python:")
print(" Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)")
print(" SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair\n")
input("Press Enter to start the program.")
def a(z):
return 30 * math.exp(-z * z / 100)
def draw():
x = -30.0
while x <= 30.0:
line = " " * WIDTH
l = 0
y1 = 5 * math.floor(math.sqrt(900 - x * x) / 5)
for y in range(y1, -y1 - 1, -5):
z = math.floor(25 + a(math.sqrt(x * x + y * y)) - .7 * y)
if z > l:
l = z
line = line[: z] + "*" + line[z + 1:]
print(line)
x += 1.5
print_credits()
clear()
draw()
Bagels
# Bagels
# Original version in BASIC:
# D. Resek, P. Rowe, 1978.
# Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.
# This version in Python:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written on 2024-10-29.
#
# Last modified: 20241203T2230+0100.
import os
import random
# Clear the screen and move the cursor to the home position.
def clear_screen():
if os.name == 'nt':
_ = os.system('cls')
else:
# on mac and linux, `os.name` is 'posix'
_ = os.system('clear')
# Prompt the user to enter a command and return it.
def command(prompt = "> "):
return input(prompt)
# Print the given prompt and wait until the user enters an empty string.
def press_enter(prompt):
user_input = "X"
while user_input != "":
user_input = command(prompt)
# Return `True` if the given string is "yes" or a synonym; otherwise return
# `False`.
def is_yes(answer):
return answer.lower() in ["y", "yeah", "yes", "ok"]
# Return `True` if the given string is "no" or a synonym; otherwise return
# `False`.
def is_no(answer):
return answer.lower() in ["n", "no", "nope"]
# Print the given prompt, wait until the user enters a valid yes/no string, and
# return `True` for "yes" or `False` for "no".
def yes(prompt):
answer = ""
while not (is_yes(answer) or is_no(answer)):
answer = command(prompt)
return is_yes(answer)
# Clear the screen, display the credits and wait for a keypress.
def print_credits():
clear_screen()
print("Bagels")
print("Number guessing game\n")
print("Original source unknown but suspected to be:")
print(" Lawrence Hall of Science, U.C. Berkely.\n")
print("Original version in BASIC:")
print(" D. Resek, P. Rowe, 1978.")
print(" Creative computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.\n")
print("This version in Python:")
print(" Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)")
print(" SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair\n")
press_enter("Press Enter to read the instructions. ")
# Clear the screen, print the instructions and wait for a keypress.
def print_instructions():
clear_screen()
print("Bagels")
print("Number guessing game\n")
print("I am thinking of a three-digit number that has no two digits the same.")
print("Try to guess it and I will give you clues as follows:\n")
print(" PICO - one digit correct but in the wrong position")
print(" FERMI - one digit correct and in the right position")
print(" BAGELS - no digits correct")
press_enter("\nPress Enter to start. ")
DIGITS = 3
MIN_DIGIT = 0
MAX_DIGIT = 9
INVALID_DIGIT = MAX_DIGIT + 1
TRIES = 20
def has_other_than_digits(text):
for char in text:
if not char.isdigit():
return True
return False
# Print the given prompt and get a three-digit number from the user.
def input_digits(prompt):
user_digit = []
while True:
user_input = command(prompt)
if len(user_input) != DIGITS:
print(f"Remember it's a {DIGITS}-digit number.")
continue
elif has_other_than_digits(user_input):
print("What?")
continue
user_digit.clear()
for c in user_input:
user_digit.append(int(c))
if len(set(user_digit)) != len(user_digit):
print("Remember my number has no two digits the same.")
continue
break
return user_digit
# Init and run the game loop.
def play():
computer_number = [INVALID_DIGIT, INVALID_DIGIT, INVALID_DIGIT]
user_number = [INVALID_DIGIT, INVALID_DIGIT, INVALID_DIGIT]
score = 0
fermi = 0 # counter
pico = 0 # counter
while True: # game loop
clear_screen()
for i in range(0, DIGITS):
while True:
digit = random.randrange(MIN_DIGIT, MAX_DIGIT + 1)
if digit in computer_number:
continue
else:
computer_number[i] = digit
break
print("O.K. I have a number in mind.")
for guess in range(0, TRIES):
user_number = input_digits("Guess #" + str(guess).zfill(2) + ": ")
fermi = 0
pico = 0
for i in range(0, DIGITS):
for j in range(0, DIGITS):
if computer_number[i] == user_number[j]:
if i == j:
fermi += 1
else:
pico += 1
print("PICO " * pico, end = "")
print("FERMI " * fermi, end = "")
if pico + fermi == 0:
print("BAGELS", end = "")
print()
if fermi == DIGITS:
print("You got it!!!")
score += 1
break # tries loop
# end of tries loop
if fermi != DIGITS:
print("Oh well.")
print(f"That's {TRIES} guesses. My number was ", end = "")
for i in range(0, DIGITS):
print(computer_number[i], end = "")
print(".")
if not yes("Play again? "):
break # game loop
# end of game loop
if score != 0:
print(f"A {score}-point bagels, buff!!")
print("Hope you had fun. Bye.")
print_credits()
print_instructions()
play()
Bunny
# Bunny
# Original version in BASIC:
# Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.
# This version in Python:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written on 2024-10-29.
#
# Last modified: 20241203T2229+0100.
import os
# Clear the terminal and move the cursor to the top left position.
def clear_screen():
if os.name == 'nt':
_ = os.system('cls')
else:
# on mac and linux, `os.name` is 'posix'
_ = os.system('clear')
# Clear the screen, print the credits and wait for the Enter key.
def print_credits():
print("Bunny\n")
print("Original version in BASIC:")
print(" Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.\n")
print("This version in Python:")
print(" Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)")
print(" SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair\n")
print("Press Enter to start the program.")
input()
WIDTH = 53
# Print the given line buffer array.
def print_line(line):
for item in line:
print(item, end = "")
print()
EOL = -1 # end of line identifier
line = [] # line buffer
def init_line():
global line
line = []
for _ in range(0, WIDTH):
line.append(" ")
# Draw the graphic.
def draw():
global line
letter = ['B', 'U', 'N', 'N', 'Y']
LETTERS = len(letter)
data = [
1, 2, EOL, 0, 2, 45, 50, EOL, 0, 5, 43, 52, EOL, 0, 7, 41, 52, EOL,
1, 9, 37, 50, EOL, 2, 11, 36, 50, EOL, 3, 13, 34, 49, EOL, 4, 14,
32, 48, EOL, 5, 15, 31, 47, EOL, 6, 16, 30, 45, EOL, 7, 17, 29, 44,
EOL, 8, 19, 28, 43, EOL, 9, 20, 27, 41, EOL, 10, 21, 26, 40, EOL,
11, 22, 25, 38, EOL, 12, 22, 24, 36, EOL, 13, 34, EOL, 14, 33, EOL,
15, 31, EOL, 17, 29, EOL, 18, 27, EOL, 19, 26, EOL, 16, 28, EOL,
13, 30, EOL, 11, 31, EOL, 10, 32, EOL, 8, 33, EOL, 7, 34, EOL, 6,
13, 16, 34, EOL, 5, 12, 16, 35, EOL, 4, 12, 16, 35, EOL, 3, 12, 15,
35, EOL, 2, 35, EOL, 1, 35, EOL, 2, 34, EOL, 3, 34, EOL, 4, 33,
EOL, 6, 33, EOL, 10, 32, 34, 34, EOL, 14, 17, 19, 25, 28, 31, 35,
35, EOL, 15, 19, 23, 30, 36, 36, EOL, 14, 18, 21, 21, 24, 30, 37, 37,
EOL, 13, 18, 23, 29, 33, 38, EOL, 12, 29, 31, 33, EOL, 11, 13, 17,
17, 19, 19, 22, 22, 24, 31, EOL, 10, 11, 17, 18, 22, 22, 24, 24, 29,
29, EOL, 22, 23, 26, 29, EOL, 27, 29, EOL, 28, 29, EOL ]
init_line()
data_index = 0
while data_index < len(data):
first_column = data[data_index]
data_index += 1
if first_column == EOL:
print_line(line)
init_line()
else:
last_column = data[data_index]
data_index += 1
for column in range(first_column, last_column + 1):
line[column] = letter[column % LETTERS]
clear_screen()
print_credits()
clear_screen()
draw()
Diamond
# Diamond
# Original version in BASIC:
# Example included in Vintage BASIC 1.0.3.
# http://www.vintage-basic.net
# This version in Python:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written on 2024-10-29.
#
# Last modified: 20241203T2230+0100.
import math
LINES = 17
for i in range(1, math.floor(LINES / 2 + 1) + 1):
for j in range(1, math.floor((LINES + 1) / 2 - i + 1) + 1):
print(" ", end = "")
for j in range(1, i * 2):
print("*", end = "")
print()
for i in range(1, math.floor(LINES / 2) + 1):
for j in range(1, i + 2):
print(" ", end = "")
for j in range(1, math.floor(((LINES + 1) / 2 - i) * 2 - 1) + 1):
print("*", end = "")
print()
Math
# Math
# Original version in BASIC:
# Example included in Vintage BASIC 1.0.3.
# http://www.vintage-basic.net
# This version in Python:
# Copyright (c) 2023, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written on 2024-10-29.
#
# Last modified: 20241203T2230+0100.
import ast
import math
def sign(n):
if n > 0:
return 1
elif n < 0:
return -1
else:
return 0
while True:
try:
n = ast.literal_eval(input("Enter a number: "))
break
except:
print("Not a valid number.")
print(f"ABS({n}) --> abs({n}) --> ", abs(n))
print(f"ATN({n}) --> math.atan({n}) --> ", math.atan(n))
print(f"COS({n}) --> math.cos({n}) --> ", math.cos(n))
print(f"EXP({n}) --> math.exp({n}) --> ", math.exp(n))
print(f"INT({n}) --> int({n}) --> ", int(n))
if n >= 0:
print(f"LOG({n}) --> math.log({n}) --> ", math.log(n))
else:
print(f"LOG({n}) --> math.log({n}) --> undefined")
print(f"SGN({n}) --> sign({n}) # custom function --> ", sign(n))
if n >= 0:
print(f"SQR({n}) --> math.sqrt({n}) --> ", math.sqrt(n))
else:
print(f"SQR({n}) --> math.sqrt({n}) --> math domain error")
print(f"TAN({n}) --> math.tan({n}) --> ", math.tan(n))
Mugwump
# Mugwump
# Original version in BASIC:
# Written by Bud Valenti's students of Project SOLO (Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, USA).
# Slightly modified by Bob Albrecht of People's Computer Company.
# Published by Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.
# - https://www.atariarchives.org/basicgames/showpage.php?page=114
# - http://vintage-basic.net/games.html
# This version in Python:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written on 2024-10-29.
#
# Last modified: 20241203T2231+0100.
import ast
from dataclasses import dataclass
import math
import os
import random
GRID_SIZE = 10
TURNS = 10
MUGWUMPS = 4
@dataclass
class Mugwump:
hidden: bool
x: int
y: int
# Clear the terminal and move the cursor to the top left position.
def clear():
if os.name == 'nt':
_ = os.system('cls')
else:
# on mac and linux, `os.name` is 'posix'
_ = os.system('clear')
# Print the given prompt, wait until the user enters a valid integer and return
# it.
def get_number(prompt):
while True:
try:
n = ast.literal_eval(input(prompt))
break
except:
print("Not a valid number.")
return n
# Prompt the user to enter a command and return it.
def command(prompt = "> "):
print(prompt, end = "")
return input()
# Print the given prompt and wait until the user enters an empty string.
def press_enter(prompt):
user_input = "X"
while user_input != "":
user_input = command(prompt)
# Return `True` if the given string is "yes" or a synonym; otherwise return
# `False`.
def is_yes(answer):
return answer.lower() in ["ok", "yeah", "yes", "y"]
# Return `True` if the given string is "no" or a synonym; otherwise return
# `False`.
def is_no(answer):
return answer.lower() in ["no", "nope", "n"]
# Print the given prompt, wait until the user enters a valid yes/no string, and
# return `True` for "yes" or `False` for "no".
def yes(prompt):
answer = ""
while not (is_yes(answer) or is_no(answer)):
answer = command(prompt)
return is_yes(answer)
# Clear the screen, print the credits and ask the user to press enter.
def print_credits():
clear()
print("Mugwump\n")
print("Original version in BASIC:")
print(" Written by Bud Valenti's students of Project SOLO (Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, USA).")
print(" Slightly modified by Bob Albrecht of People's Computer Company.")
print(" Published by Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.")
print(" - https://www.atariarchives.org/basicgames/showpage.php?page=114")
print(" - http://vintage-basic.net/games.html\n")
print("This version in Python:")
print(" Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)")
print(" SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair\n")
press_enter("Press Enter to read the instructions. ")
# Clear the screen, print the instructions and ask the user to press enter.
def print_instructions():
clear()
print("Mugwump\n")
print("The object of this game is to find four mugwumps")
print("hidden on a 10 by 10 grid. Homebase is position 0,0.")
print("Any guess you make must be two numbers with each")
print("number between 0 and 9, inclusive. First number")
print("is distance to right of homebase and second number")
print("is distance above homebase.\n")
print(f"You get {TURNS} tries. After each try, you will see")
print("how far you are from each mugwump.\n")
press_enter("Press Enter to start. ")
# Print the given prompt, then waits until the user enters a valid coord and
# returns it.
def get_coord(prompt):
coord = 0
while True:
coord = get_number(prompt)
if coord < 0 or coord >= GRID_SIZE:
print(f"Invalid value {coord}: not in range [0, {GRID_SIZE - 1}].")
else:
break
return coord
# Return `True` if the given mugwump is hidden in the given coords.
def is_here(m, x, y):
return m.hidden and m.x == x and m.y == y
# Return the distance between the given mugwump and the given coords.
def distance(m, x, y):
return round(math.sqrt((m.x - x) ** 2 + (m.y - y) ** 2))
# If the given number is greater than 1, return the given plural ending
# (default: "s"); otherwise return the given singular ending (default: an empty
# string).
def plural(n, plural = "s", singular = ""):
return plural if n > 1 else singular
# Print the mugwumps found in the given coordinates and return the count.
def mugwumps_found(mugwump, x, y):
found = 0
for m in range(0, MUGWUMPS):
if is_here(mugwump[m], x, y):
mugwump[m].hidden = False
found += 1
print(f"You have found mugwump {m}!")
return found
# Run the game.
def play():
while True : # game
clear()
mugwump = []
for m in range(0, MUGWUMPS):
mugwump.append(
Mugwump(
True,
random.randrange(0, GRID_SIZE),
random.randrange(0, GRID_SIZE)))
found = 0
turn = 1
while turn < TURNS:
print(f"Turn number {turn}\n")
print(f"What is your guess (in range [0, {GRID_SIZE - 1}])?")
x = get_coord("Distance right of homebase (x-axis): ")
y = get_coord("Distance above homebase (y-axis): ")
print(f"\nYour guess is ({x}, {y}).")
found += mugwumps_found(mugwump, x, y)
if found == MUGWUMPS:
break # turns
else:
for m in range(0, MUGWUMPS):
if mugwump[m].hidden:
print("You are", distance(mugwump[m], x, y), f"units from mugwump {m}.")
print()
turn += 1
# end of turns
if found == MUGWUMPS:
print(f"\nYou got them all in {turn} turn", plural(turn), "!\n", sep = "")
print("That was fun! let's play again…")
print("Four more mugwumps are now in hiding.")
else:
print(f"Sorry, that's {TURNS} tr", plural(TURNS, "ies", "y"), ".\n", sep = "")
print("Here is where they're hiding:")
for m in range(0, MUGWUMPS):
if mugwump[m].hidden:
print(f"Mugwump {m} is at (", mugwump[m].x, ", ", mugwump[m].y, ").", sep = "")
print()
if not yes("Do you want to play again? "):
break # game
# end of game
print_credits()
print_instructions()
play()
Name
# Name
# Original version in BASIC:
# Example included in Vintage BASIC 1.0.3.
# http://www.vintage-basic.net
# This version in Python:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written on 2024-10-29.
#
# Last modified: 20241029T2042+0100.
import ast
print("What is your name? ", end = "")
name = input()
while True:
try:
n = ast.literal_eval(input("Enter a number: "))
break
except:
print("Number expected. Retry input line.")
for _ in range(0, n):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
Poetry
# Poetry
# Original version in BASIC:
# Unknown author.
# Modified and reworked by Jim Bailey, Peggy Ewing, and Dave Ahl at DEC.
# Published in "BASIC Computer Games", Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.
# https://archive.org/details/Basic_Computer_Games_Microcomputer_Edition_1978_Creative_Computing
# https://github.com/chaosotter/basic-games/tree/master/games/BASIC%20Computer%20Games/Poetry
# http://vintage-basic.net/games.html
# This version in Python:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written on 2024-10-29, 2024-12-12.
#
# Last modified: 20241212T2228+0100.
# ==============================================================
import os
import random
from time import sleep
MAX_PHRASES_AND_VERSES = 20
# Clear the screen.
def clear_screen():
if os.name == 'nt':
_ = os.system('cls')
else:
# on mac and linux, `os.name` is 'posix'
_ = os.system('clear')
# Print the given prompt and wait until the user enters an empty string.
def press_enter(prompt = ""):
input_string = "x"
while not input_string == "":
input_string = input(prompt)
# Print the credits at the current cursor position.
def print_credits():
print("Poetry\n")
print("Original version in BASIC:")
print(" Unknown author.")
print(" Published in \"BASIC Computer Games\",")
print(" Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.\n")
print("This improved remake in Julia:")
print(" Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)")
print(" SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair")
def is_odd(n):
return n % 2 != 0
def play():
action = 0
phrase = 0
phrases_and_verses = 0
verse_chunks = 0
while True: # verse loop
manage_the_verse_continuation = True
maybe_add_comma = True
if action in [0, 1]:
if phrase == 0:
print("MIDNIGHT DREARY", end = "")
elif phrase == 1:
print("FIERY EYES", end = "")
elif phrase == 2:
print("BIRD OR FIEND", end = "")
elif phrase == 3:
print("THING OF EVIL", end = "")
elif phrase == 4:
print("PROPHET", end = "")
elif action == 2 :
if phrase == 0:
print("BEGUILING ME", end = "")
verse_chunks = 2
elif phrase == 1:
print("THRILLED ME", end = "")
elif phrase == 2:
print("STILL SITTING…", end = "")
maybe_add_comma = False
elif phrase == 3:
print("NEVER FLITTING", end = "")
verse_chunks = 2
elif phrase == 4:
print("BURNED", end = "")
elif action == 3 :
if phrase == 0:
print("AND MY SOUL", end = "")
elif phrase == 1:
print("DARKNESS THERE", end = "")
elif phrase == 2:
print("SHALL BE LIFTED", end = "")
elif phrase == 3:
print("QUOTH THE RAVEN", end = "")
elif phrase == 4 and verse_chunks != 0:
print("SIGN OF PARTING", end = "")
elif action == 4 :
if phrase == 0:
print("NOTHING MORE", end = "")
elif phrase == 1:
print("YET AGAIN", end = "")
elif phrase == 2:
print("SLOWLY CREEPING", end = "")
elif phrase == 3:
print("…EVERMORE", end = "")
elif phrase == 4:
print("NEVERMORE", end = "")
elif action == 5 :
action = 0
print()
if phrases_and_verses > MAX_PHRASES_AND_VERSES:
print()
verse_chunks = 0
phrases_and_verses = 0
action = 2
continue
else:
manage_the_verse_continuation = False
if manage_the_verse_continuation:
sleep(0.250) # 250 ms
if maybe_add_comma and not (verse_chunks == 0 or random.random() > 0.19):
print(",", end = "")
verse_chunks = 2
if random.random() > 0.65:
print()
verse_chunks = 0
else:
print(" ", end = "")
verse_chunks += 1
action += 1
phrase = random.randrange(0, 5)
phrases_and_verses += 1
if not (verse_chunks > 0 or not is_odd(action)):
print(" ", end = "")
clear_screen()
print_credits()
press_enter("\nPress the Enter key to start. ")
clear_screen()
play()
Russian Roulette
# Russian Roulette
# Original version in BASIC:
# Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), ca. 1980.
# This version in Python:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written on 2024-10-29.
#
# Last modified: 20241029T1937+0100.
import math
import os
from random import random
# Clear the terminal and move the cursor to the top left position.
def clear_screen():
if os.name == 'nt':
_ = os.system('cls')
else:
# on mac and linux, `os.name` is 'posix'
_ = os.system('clear')
# Prompt the user to enter a command and return it.
def get_command(prompt = "> "):
print(prompt, end = "")
return input()
def press_enter_to_start():
_ = get_command("Press Enter to start. ")
def print_credits():
clear_screen()
print("Russian Roulette\n")
print("Original version in BASIC:")
print(" Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), ca. 1980.\n")
print("This version in Python:")
print(" Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)")
print(" SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair\n")
press_enter_to_start()
def print_instructions():
clear_screen()
print("Here is a revolver.")
print("Type 'f' to spin chamber and pull trigger.")
print("Type 'g' to give up, and play again.")
print("Type 'q' to quit.\n")
def play():
while True: # game loop
print_instructions()
times = 0
while True: # play loop
command = get_command()
if command == "f": # fire
if int(math.floor(100 * random())) > 83:
print("Bang! You're dead!")
print("Condolences will be sent to your relatives.")
break
else:
times += 1
if times == 10:
print("You win!")
print("Let someone else blow his brains out.")
break
else:
print("Click.")
elif command == "g": # give up
print("Chicken!")
break
elif command == "q": # quit
return False
# end of case
# end of play loop
press_enter_to_start()
# end of game loop
return True # play again, do not quit
print_credits()
playing = True
while playing:
playing = play()
print("Bye!")
Sine Wave
# Sine Wave
# Original version in BASIC:
# Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), ca. 1980.
# This version in Python:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written on 2024-10-29.
#
# Last modified: 20241203T2231+0100.
import math
import os
word = ["", ""]
order = ["first", "second"]
def clear():
if os.name == 'nt':
_ = os.system('cls')
else:
# on mac and linux, `os.name` is 'posix'
_ = os.system('clear')
def print_credits():
clear()
print("Sine Wave\n")
print("Original version in BASIC:")
print(" Creative computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), ca. 1980.\n")
print("This version in Julia:")
print(" Copyright (c) 2023, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)")
print(" SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair\n")
_ = input ("Press Enter to start the program.")
def get_words():
clear()
for n in range(0, 2):
word[n] = input("Enter the " + order[n] + " word: ")
def draw():
clear()
even = False
angle = 0
while angle <= 40:
print(" " * int(26 + 25 * math.sin(angle)), end = "")
print(word[int(even)])
even = not even
angle += 0.25
print_credits()
get_words()
draw()
Stars
# Stars
# Original version in BASIC:
# Example included in Vintage BASIC 1.0.3.
# http://www.vintage-basic.net
# This version in Python:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written on 2024-10-29.
#
# Last modified: 20241029T2037+0100.
import ast
name = input("What is your name? ")
print(f"Hello, {name}.")
n = 0
while True:
while True:
try:
n = ast.literal_eval(input("How many stars do you want? "))
break
except:
print("Number expected. Retry input line.")
print("*" * n)
answer = input("Do you want more stars? ").lower()
if not (answer in ["yeah", "yes", "y", "ok"]):
break
print(f"Goodbye, {name}")
Strings
# Strings
# Original version in BASIC:
# Example included in Vintage BASIC 1.0.3.
# http://www.vintage-basic.net
# This version in Python:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written on 2024-10-29.
#
# Last modified: 20241203T2231+0100.
import ast
s = input("Enter a string: ")
while True:
try:
n = int(ast.literal_eval(input("Enter a number: ")))
break
except:
print("Not a valid number.")
print(f"ASC(\"{s}\"[0]) --> ", end = "")
print(f"ord(\"{s}\"[0])) --> ", end = "")
print(ord(s[0]))
print(f"CHR$({n}) --> ", end = "")
print(f"chr({n}) --> ", end = "")
print('"', chr(n), '"', sep = "")
print(f"LEFT$(\"{s}\", {n}) --> ", end = "")
print(f"\"{s}\"[:{n}] --> ", end = "")
print("\"", s[:n], "\"", sep = "")
print(f"MID$(\"{s}\", {n}) --> ", end = "")
print(f"\"{s}\"[{n} : len(\"{s}\")] --> ", end = "")
print("\"", s[n : len(s)], "\"", sep = "")
print(f"MID$(\"{s}\", {n}, 3) --> ", end = "")
print(f"\"{s}\"[{n} : min({n} + 3, len(\"{s}\"))] --> ", end = "")
print("\"", s[n : min(n + 3, len(s))], "\"", sep = "")
print(f"RIGHT$(\"{s}\", {n}) --> ", end = "")
print(f"(\"{s}\", max(len(\"{s}\") - {n}, 1) : length(\"{s}\") --> ", end = "")
print("\"", s[max(len(s) - n, 0) : len(s)], "\"", sep = "")
print(f"LEN(\"{s}\") --> ", end = "")
print(f"len(\"{s}\") --> ", end = "")
print(len(s))
# XXX TODO return 0 is the string is not a valid number
print(f"VAL(\"{s}\") --> ", end = "")
print(f"int(\"{s}\") --> ", end = "")
print(int(s))
print(f"STR$({n}) --> ", end = "")
print(f"str({n}) --> ", end = "")
print("\"", str(n), "\"", sep = "")
print(f"SPC({n}) --> ", end = "")
print(f"\" \" * {n} --> ", end = "")
print("\"", " " * n, "\"", sep = "")