Basics of Ring
Description of the page content
Conversion of old BASIC programs to Ring in order to learn the basics of this language.
Tags:
3D Plot
/*
3D Plot
Original version in BASIC:
Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), ca. 1980.
This version in Ring:
Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
Written on 2024-03-15.
Last modified: 20240318T1303+0100.
*/
SPACE = " "
DOT = "*"
WIDTH = 56
// Clear the terminal and move the cursor to the top left position.
func clear() {
system("clear")
}
// Display the credits and wait for a keypress.
func printCredits() {
print("3D Plot\n\n")
print("Original version in BASIC:\n")
print(" Creative computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), ca. 1980.\n\n")
print("This version in Ring:\n")
print(" Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)\n")
print(" SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair\n\n")
print("Press Enter to start the program.\n")
getString()
}
func a(z) {
return 30.0 * exp(-z * z / 100.0)
}
func draw() {
l = 0
z = 0
y1 = 0
line = list(WIDTH)
x = -30.0
while x <= 30.0 {
for pos = 1 to WIDTH {
line[pos] = SPACE
}
l = 0
y1 = 5 * floor(sqrt(900.0 - x * x) / 5.0)
y = y1
while y >= -y1 {
z = floor(25.0 + a(sqrt(x * x + y * y)) - 0.7 * y)
if z > l {
l = z
line[z] = DOT
}
y += -5
} // y loop
print(SPACE)
for pos = 1 to WIDTH {
print(line[pos])
}
print(nl)
x += 1.5
} // x loop
}
func main {
clear()
printCredits()
clear()
draw()
}
Bagels
# Bagels
# Original version in BASIC:
# D. Resek, P. Rowe, 1978.
# Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.
# This version in Ring:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written in 2024-04-05/09
#
# Last modified: 20240409T1055+0200.
ASCII_0 = 48
DIGITS = 3
TRIES = 20
MAX_DIGIT = 9
# Clear the screen and move the cursor to the home position.
func clearScreen
system("clear")
end
# Prompt the user to enter a command and return it.
func command(prompt)
if prompt = null
prompt = "> "
end
print(prompt)
return getString()
end
# Print the given prompt and wait until the user enters an empty string.
func pressEnter(prompt)
while command(prompt) != ""
end
end
# Return `true` if the given string is "yes" or a synonym.
func isItYes(answer)
switch lower(answer)
case "ok"
return true
case "y"
return true
case "yeah"
return true
case "yes"
return true
else
return false
end
end
# Return `true` if the given string is "no" or a synonym.
func isItNo(answer)
switch lower(answer)
case "n"
return true
case "no"
return true
case "nope"
return true
else
return false
end
end
# Print the given prompt, wait until the user enters a valid yes/no
# string, and return `true` for "yes" or `false` for "no".
func yes(prompt)
answer = ""
while not (isItYes(answer) || isItNo(answer))
answer = command(prompt)
end
return isItYes(answer)
end
# Clear the screen, display the credits and wait for a keypress.
func printCredits
clearScreen()
print("Bagels\n")
print("Number guessing game\n\n")
print("Original source unknown but suspected to be:\n")
print(" Lawrence Hall of Science, U.C. Berkely.\n\n")
print("Original version in BASIC:\n")
print(" D. Resek, P. Rowe, 1978.\n")
print(" Creative computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.\n\n")
print("This version in Ring:\n")
print(" Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)\n")
print(" SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair\n\n")
pressEnter("Press Enter to read the instructions. ")
end
# Clear the screen, print the instructions and wait for a keypress.
func printInstructions
clearScreen()
print("Bagels\n")
print("Number guessing game\n\n")
print("I am thinking of a three-digit number that has no two digits the same.\n")
print("Try to guess it and I will give you clues as follows:\n\n")
print(" PICO - one digit correct but in the wrong position\n")
print(" FERMI - one digit correct and in the right position\n")
print(" BAGELS - no digits correct\n")
pressEnter("\nPress Enter to start. ")
end
# Print the given prompt and return a three-digit number from the user.
func userInput(prompt)
userNumber = list(DIGITS)
while true
inputString = command(prompt)
if len(inputString) != DIGITS
print("Remember it's a #{DIGITS}-digit number.\n")
continue
end
if not isDigit(inputString)
print("What?\n")
continue
end
for digit = 1 to DIGITS
userNumber[digit] = inputString[digit]
next
for digit = 1 to DIGITS
if find(userNumber, userNumber[digit]) != digit
print("Remember my number has no two digits the same.\n")
continue 2
end
next
break
end
return userNumber
end
# Init and run the game loop.
func play
computerNumber = list(DIGITS) # random number
userNumber = list(DIGITS) # user guess
score = 0
fermi = 0 # counter
pico = 0 # counter
while true # game loop
clearScreen()
for digit = 1 to DIGITS
computerNumber[digit] = -1
end
for digit = 1 to DIGITS
computerNumber[digit] = random(MAX_DIGIT)
while find(computerNumber, computerNumber[digit]) != digit
computerNumber[digit] = random(MAX_DIGIT)
end
end
print("O.K. I have a number in mind.\n")
for guess = 1 to TRIES
if guess < 10
guessNumber = "#0" + guess
else
guessNumber = "#" + guess
end
userNumber = userInput("Guess " + guessNumber + ": ")
fermi = 0
pico = 0
for i = 1 to DIGITS
for j = 1 to DIGITS
if computerNumber[i] = userNumber[j]
if i = j
fermi += 1
else
pico += 1
end
end
next
next
for x = 1 to pico
print("PICO ")
next
for x = 1 to fermi
print("FERMI ")
next
if pico + fermi = 0
print("BAGELS")
end
print("\n")
if fermi = DIGITS
break
end
end # tries loop
if fermi = DIGITS
print("You got it!!!\n")
score += 1
else
print("Oh well.\n")
print("That's #{TRIES} guesses. My number was ")
print("" + computerNumber[1] + computerNumber[2] + computerNumber[3] + ".\n")
end
if not yes("Play again? ")
break
end
end # game loop
if score != 0
print("A #{score}-point bagels, buff!!\n")
end
print("Hope you had fun. Bye.\n")
end
func main()
printCredits()
printInstructions()
play()
end
Bunny
/*
Bunny
Original version in BASIC:
Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.
This version in Ring:
Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
Written on 2024-03-15.
Last modified: 20240318T1302+0100.
*/
EOL = -1 # end of line identifier
WIDTH = 53
SPACE = ' '
# Clear the terminal and move the cursor to the top left position.
func clearScreen()
system("clear")
end
# Clear the screen, print the credits and wait for the Enter key.
func printCredits()
print("Bunny\n\n")
print("Original version in BASIC:\n")
print(" Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.\n\n")
print("This version in Ring:\n")
print(" Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)\n")
print(" SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair\n\n")
print("Press Enter to start the program.\n")
getString()
end
# Draw the graphic.
func draw()
letter = ['B', 'U', 'N', 'N', 'Y']
letters = len(letter)
data = [
1, 2, EOL, 0, 2, 45, 50, EOL, 0, 5, 43, 52, EOL, 0, 7, 41, 52, EOL,
1, 9, 37, 50, EOL, 2, 11, 36, 50, EOL, 3, 13, 34, 49, EOL, 4, 14,
32, 48, EOL, 5, 15, 31, 47, EOL, 6, 16, 30, 45, EOL, 7, 17, 29, 44,
EOL, 8, 19, 28, 43, EOL, 9, 20, 27, 41, EOL, 10, 21, 26, 40, EOL,
11, 22, 25, 38, EOL, 12, 22, 24, 36, EOL, 13, 34, EOL, 14, 33, EOL,
15, 31, EOL, 17, 29, EOL, 18, 27, EOL, 19, 26, EOL, 16, 28, EOL,
13, 30, EOL, 11, 31, EOL, 10, 32, EOL, 8, 33, EOL, 7, 34, EOL, 6,
13, 16, 34, EOL, 5, 12, 16, 35, EOL, 4, 12, 16, 35, EOL, 3, 12, 15,
35, EOL, 2, 35, EOL, 1, 35, EOL, 2, 34, EOL, 3, 34, EOL, 4, 33,
EOL, 6, 33, EOL, 10, 32, 34, 34, EOL, 14, 17, 19, 25, 28, 31, 35,
35, EOL, 15, 19, 23, 30, 36, 36, EOL, 14, 18, 21, 21, 24, 30, 37, 37,
EOL, 13, 18, 23, 29, 33, 38, EOL, 12, 29, 31, 33, EOL, 11, 13, 17,
17, 19, 19, 22, 22, 24, 31, EOL, 10, 11, 17, 18, 22, 22, 24, 24, 29,
29, EOL, 22, 23, 26, 29, EOL, 27, 29, EOL, 28, 29, EOL ]
line = list(WIDTH) # line buffer
for x = 1 to WIDTH
line[x] = SPACE
end
dataIndex = 1
while dataIndex <= len(data)
firstColumn = data[dataIndex]
dataIndex += 1
if firstColumn = EOL
for x = 1 to WIDTH
print(line[x])
line[x] = SPACE
end
print(nl)
else
lastColumn = data[dataIndex]
dataIndex += 1
for column = firstColumn to lastColumn
line[column + 1] = letter[column % letters + 1]
end
end
end
end
func main
clearScreen()
printCredits()
clearScreen()
draw()
end
Diamond
/*
Diamond
Original version in BASIC:
Example included in Vintage BASIC 1.0.3.
http://www.vintage-basic.net
This version in Ring:
Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
Written on 2024-03-15.
Last modified: 20240315T1537+0100.
*/
LINES = 17
func main
for i = 1 to LINES / 2 + 1
for j = 1 to (LINES + 1) / 2 - i + 1
put " "
next
for j = 1 to i * 2 - 1
put "*"
next
put nl
next
for i = 1 to LINES / 2
for j = 1 to i + 1
put " "
next
for j = 1 to ((LINES + 1) / 2 - i) * 2 - 1
put "*"
next
put nl
next
end
Math
/*
Math
Original version in BASIC:
Example included in Vintage BASIC 1.0.3.
http://www.vintage-basic.net
This version in Ring:
Copyright (c) 2023, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
Written on 2024-03-18 and 2024-04-04.
Last modified: 20240404T1954+0200.
*/
load "stdlib.ring" // `sign()`
// If the given string is a valid number, i.e. it contains only digits and one
// optional dot, return `true`; otherwise return `false`.
func isValidNumber(s)
decimalPointFound = false
for n = 1 to len(s)
if s[n] = "."
if decimalPointFound
return false
else
decimalPointFound = true
continue
end
elseif not isDigit(s[n])
if not (n = 1 and s[n] = "-")
return false
end
end
next
return true
end
// Prompt the user for a valid number, check it and return it.
func validNumber
while true
put "Enter a number: "
get n
if isValidNumber(n)
break
else
put "Number expected. Retry." + nl
end
end
return 0 + n
end
func main
n = validNumber()
print("ABS(#{n}) --> fabs(#{n}) --> ")
put fabs(n) + nl
print("ATN(#{n}) --> atan(#{n}) --> ")
put atan(n) + nl
print("COS(#{n}) --> cos(#{n}) --> ")
put cos(n) + nl
print("EXP(#{n}) --> exp(#{n}) --> ")
put exp(n) + nl
print("INT(#{n}) --> floor(#{n}) --> ")
put floor(n) + nl
print("LOG(#{n}) --> log(#{n}) --> ")
put log(n) + nl
print("SGN(#{n}) --> sign(#{n}) --> ")
put sign(n) + nl
print("SQR(#{n}) --> sqrt(#{n}) --> ")
put sqrt(n) + nl
print("TAN(#{n}) --> tan(#{n}) --> ")
put tan(n) + nl
end
Mugwump
/*
Mugwump
Original version in BASIC:
Written by Bud Valenti's students of Project SOLO (Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, USA).
Slightly modified by Bob Albrecht of People's Computer Company.
Published by Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.
- https://www.atariarchives.org/basicgames/showpage.php?page=114
- http://vintage-basic.net/games.html
This version in Ring:
Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
Written in 2024-03/04.
Last modified: 20240405T1416+0200.
*/
GRID_SIZE = 10
TURNS = 10
MUGWUMPS = 4
mugwump = list(MUGWUMPS)
found = 0 // counter
# Clear the terminal and move the cursor to the top left position.
func clearScreen()
system("clear")
end
// Return `true` if the given string is "yes" or a synonym.
func isYes(answer) {
switch lower(answer) {
case "y" return true
case "yeah" return true
case "yes" return true
case "ok" return true
else return false
}
}
// Return `true` if the given string is "no" or a synonym.
func isNo(answer) {
switch lower(answer) {
case "n" return true
case "no" return true
case "nope" return true
else return false
}
}
// Print the given prompt, wait until the user enters a valid yes/no
// String, and return `true` for "yes" or `false` for "no".
func yes(prompt) {
answer = ""
while (!(isYes(answer) || isNo(answer))) {
print(prompt + nl)
answer = getString()
}
return isYes(answer)
}
// Clear the screen, print the credits and ask the user to press enter.
func printCredits() {
clearScreen()
print("Mugwump\n\n")
print("Original version in BASIC:\n")
print(" Written by Bud Valenti's students of Project SOLO (Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, USA).\n")
print(" Slightly modified by Bob Albrecht of People's Computer Company.\n")
print(" Published by Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), 1978.\n")
print(" - https://www.atariarchives.org/basicgames/showpage.php?page=114\n")
print(" - http://vintage-basic.net/games.html\n\n")
print("This version in Ring:\n")
print(" Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)\n")
print(" SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair\n\n")
print("Press Enter to read the instructions. ")
getString()
}
// Clear the screen, print the instructions and ask the user to press enter.
func printInstructions() {
clearScreen()
print("Mugwump\n\n")
print("The object of this game is to find four mugwumps\n")
print("hidden on a 10 by 10 grid. Homebase is position 0,0.\n")
print("Any guess you make must be two numbers with each\n")
print("number between 0 and 9, inclusive. First number\n")
print("is distance to right of homebase and second number\n")
print("is distance above homebase.\n\n")
print("You get #{TURNS} tries. After each try, you will see\n")
print("how far you are from each mugwump.\n\n")
print("Press Enter to start. ")
getString()
}
// Init the mugwumps' positions, `hidden` flags and count.
func hideMugwumps() {
for m = 1 to MUGWUMPS {
mugwump[m].x = random(GRID_SIZE - 1) + 1
mugwump[m].y = random(GRID_SIZE - 1) + 1
mugwump[m].hidden = true
}
found = 0 // counter
}
// Create the mugwumps.
func createMugwumps() {
for m = 1 to MUGWUMPS {
mugwump[m] = new Mugwump { x = 0 y = 0 hidden = false }
}
}
// Print the given prompt, wait until the user enters a valid coord
// and return it.
func getCoord(prompt) {
while (true) {
print(prompt)
coord = getNumber()
if (coord < 0 || coord >= GRID_SIZE) {
print("Invalid value #{coord}: not in range [0, #{GRID_SIZE - 1}].\n")
else
break
}
}
return coord
}
// Return `true` if the given mugwump is hidden in the given coords.
func isHere(m, x, y) {
return mugwump[m].hidden && mugwump[m].x = x && mugwump[m].y = y
}
// Return the distance between the given mugwump and the given coords.
func distance(m, xCoord, yCoord) {
return floor(sqrt(((mugwump[m].x - xCoord) ** 2) + ((mugwump[m].y - yCoord) ** 2)))
}
// Return a plural ending (default: "s") if the given number is greater than 1;
// otherwise return a singular ending (default: an empty string).
func plural(n, pluralEnding, singularEnding) {
if (n > 1) {
if pluralEnding = null {
return "s" // default
else
return pluralEnding
}
else
if singularEnding = null {
return "" // default
else
return singularEnding
}
}
}
// Run the game.
func play() {
createMugwumps()
while (true) { // game
clearScreen()
hideMugwumps()
turn = 1
while (turn <= TURNS) {
print("Turn number #{turn}\n\n")
print("What is your guess (in range 0..#{GRID_SIZE - 1})?\n")
x = getCoord("Distance right of homebase (x-axis): ")
y = getCoord("Distance above homebase (y-axis): ")
print("Your guess is (#{x}, #{y}).\n")
for m = 1 to len(mugwump) {
if (isHere(m, x, y)) {
mugwump[m].hidden = false
found += 1
print("You have found mugwump #{m}!\n")
if (found = len(mugwump)) { break 2 }
}
}
for m = 1 to len(mugwump) {
if (mugwump[m].hidden) {
print("You are #{distance(m, x, y)} units from mugwump #{m}.\n")
}
}
print("\n")
turn += 1
} // turns
if (found = len(mugwump)) {
print("\nYou got them all in #{turn} #{plural(turn, null, null)}!\n")
print("That was fun! let's play again…\n")
print("Four more mugwumps are now in hiding.\n")
else
print("Sorry, that's #{TURNS} tr" + plural(TURNS, "ies", "y") + "\n")
print("Here is where they're hiding:\n")
for m = 1 to len(mugwump) {
if (mugwump[m].hidden) {
print("Mugwump #{m} is at (#{mugwump[m].x}, #{mugwump[m].y}).\n")
}
}
}
print("\n")
if (!yes("Do you want to play again? ")) { break }
} // game
}
func main() {
printCredits()
printInstructions()
play()
}
class Mugwump {
x = 0
y = 0
hidden = false
}
Name
/*
Name
Original version in BASIC:
Example included in Vintage BASIC 1.0.3.
http://www.vintage-basic.net
This version in Ring:
Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
Written on 2024-03-18.
Last modified: 20240318T1305+0100.
*/
put "What is your name? "
get name
while true
put "Enter a number: "
n = getNumber()
// NOTE: Somehow `isNumber()` does not work as expected with values
// returned by `get` or `getNumber()`; therefore `isString()` is used
// instead:
if not isString(n)
break
else
put "Number expected. Retry." + nl
end
end
for i = 1 to n
put "Hello, " + name + "!" + nl
next
Russian Roulette
# Russian Roulette
# Original version in BASIC:
# Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), ca. 1980.
# This version in Ring:
# Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
#
# Written on 2024-04-05.
#
# Last modified: 20240405T1441+0200.
# Clears the terminal and moves the cursor to the top left position.
def clear_screen
system("clear")
end
# Prompts the user to enter a command and returns it.
def command(prompt)
if prompt = null
prompt = "> "
end
print(prompt)
return getString()
end
def press_enter_to_start
command("Press Enter to start. ")
end
def print_credits
clear_screen()
print("Russian Roulette\n\n")
print("Original version in BASIC:\n")
print(" Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), ca. 1980.\n\n")
print("This version in Ring:\n")
print(" Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)\n")
print(" SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair\n\n")
press_enter_to_start()
end
def print_instructions
clear_screen()
print("Here is a revolver.\n")
print("Type 'f' to spin chamber and pull trigger.\n")
print("Type 'g' to give up, and play again.\n")
print("Type 'q' to quit.\n\n")
end
def playing
while true # game loop
print_instructions()
times = 0
while true # play loop
switch command("")
case "f" # fire
if random(100) > 83
print("Bang! You're dead!\n")
print("Condolences will be sent to your relatives.\n")
break
else
times += 1
if times > 10
print("You win!\n")
print("Let someone else blow his brains out.\n")
break
else
print("Click.\n")
end
end
case "g" # give up
print("Chicken!\n")
break
case "q" # quit
return false
end # switch
end # play loop
press_enter_to_start()
end # game loop
return true # play again, do not quit
end
def main
print_credits()
while playing()
end
print("Bye!\n")
end
Sine Wave
/*
Sine Wave
Original version in BASIC:
Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), ca. 1980.
This version in Ring:
Copyright (c) 2023, 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
Last modified 20250731T1954+0200.
*/
// global variables
word1 = ""
word2 = ""
func showCredits
system("clear")
put "Sine Wave" + nl + nl
put "Original version in BASIC:" + nl
put " Creative Computing (Morristown, New Jersey, USA), ca. 1980." + nl + nl
put "This version in Ring:" + nl
put " Copyright (c) 2023, 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)" + nl
put " SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair" + nl + nl
put "Press Enter to start the program." + nl
getChar()
end
func getWords
system("clear")
put "Enter the first word : "
get word1
put "Enter the second word : "
get word2
put "Press any key to start. "
getchar()
end
func draw
even = false
for angle = 0 to 40 step 0.25
put copy(" ", 26 + 25 * sin(angle))
if even
put word1 + nl
else
put word2 + nl
end
even = not even
next
end
func main
showCredits()
getWords()
draw()
end
Stars
/*
Stars
Original version in BASIC:
Example included in Vintage BASIC 1.0.3.
http://www.vintage-basic.net
This version in Ring:
Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
Written on 2024-03-18.
Last modified: 20240318T1944+0100.
*/
load "typehints.ring"
// Display the given question, accept a Y/N answer and return a correspondent
// boolean result.
func yes(question)
afirmativeAnswers = ["y", "yeah", "yes", "ok"]
negativeAnswers = ["n", "no", "nope"]
while true
print(question)
answer = lower(getString())
if find(afirmativeAnswers, answer)
return true
elseif find(negativeAnswers, answer)
return false
end
end
end
// Display the given prompt, accept a valid number and return it.
func inputNumber(prompt)
while true
print(prompt)
get n
if isDigit(n)
break
else
put "Number expected. Retry." + nl
end
end
return 0 + n
end
func main
puts("What is your name? ")
name = getString()
print("Hello, #{name}.\n")
while true
n = inputNumber("How many stars do you want? ")
put copy("*", n) + nl
if not yes("Do you want more stars? ")
break
end
end
print("Goodbye, #{name}.\n")
end
Strings
/*
Strings
Original version in BASIC:
Example included in Vintage BASIC 1.0.3.
http://www.vintage-basic.net
This version in Ring:
Copyright (c) 2024, Marcos Cruz (programandala.net)
SPDX-License-Identifier: Fair
Written in 2024-03, 2024-04.
Last modified: 20240411T0954+0200.
*/
// Print the given prompt, get an integer from the user, check it and return it.
func validInteger(prompt)
while true
put prompt
get n
if isDigit(n)
break
else
put "Integer number expected. Retry." + nl
end
end
return 0 + n
end
func main() {
print("Enter a string: ")
s = getString()
n = validInteger("Enter a number: ")
print(`ASC("#{s}") --> `)
print(`ascii(left("#{s}", 1)) --> `)
? ascii(left(s, 1))
print(`CHR$(#{n}) --> `)
print(`char(#{n}) --> `)
? char(n)
print(`LEFT$("#{s}", #{n}) --> `)
print(`left("#{s}", n) --> `)
? left(s,n)
print(`MID$("#{s}", #{n}) --> `)
print(`substr("#{s}", #{n}) --> `)
? substr(s, n)
print(`MID$("#{s}", #{n}, 3) --> `)
print(`substr("#{s}", #{n}, 3) --> `)
? substr(s, n, 3)
print(`RIGHT$("#{s}", #{n}) --> `)
print(`right("#{s}", n) --> `)
? right(s,n)
print(`LEN("#{s}") --> `)
print(`len("#{s}") --> `)
? len(s)
print(`VAL("#{s}") --> `)
print(`number("#{s}") --> `)
? number(s)
print(`VAL("#{s}") --> `)
print(`0 + "#{s}" --> `)
? 0 + s
print(`STR$(#{n}) --> `)
print(`string(#{n}) --> `)
? string(n)
print(`SPC(#{n}) --> `)
print(`copy(" ", #{n}) --> `)
? `"` + copy(" ", n) + `"`
}